Special Forces Sniper Training and Employment
This field manual (FM) provides doctrinal guidance on the mission, personnel,
organization, equipment, training, skills, and employment of the Special Forces
(SF) sniper. It describes those segments of sniping that are unique to SF soldiers and those portions of conventional sniping that are necessary to train indigenous forces. It is intended for use by commanders, staffs, instructors, and soldiers at training posts, United States (U.S.) Army schools, and units.
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FM 3-05.222 (formerly TC 31-32) addresses three distinct audiences:
• Commanders. It provides specific guidance on the nature, role, candidate
selection, organization, and employment of sniper personnel.
• Trainers. It provides a reference for developing training programs.
• Snipers. It contains detailed information on the fundamental knowledge,
skills, and employment methods of snipers throughout the entire
operational continuum.
The most common measurements that the sniper uses are expressed throughout the text and in many cases are U.S. standard terms rather than metric. Appendix A consists of conversion tables that may be used when mission requirements or environments change.
PREFACE iv
Chapter 1 THE SPECIAL FORCES SNIPER 1-1
Mission 1-1
Selection of Personnel 1-1
Qualifications of SOTIC Graduates. 1-5
The Sniper Team. 1-5
Sniper Team Organization 1-6
Sniper Training 1-6
Chapter 2 EQUIPMENT. 2-1
Sniper Weapon System. 2-1
Telescopic Sights 2-6
Leupold and Stevens M3A Telescope. 2-7
Ammunition . 2-10
Observation Devices . 2-13
Sniper Team Equipment 2-29
Care and Cleaning of the Sniper Weapon System . 2-33
Troubleshooting the Sniper Weapon System 2-41
Chapter 3 MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING.3-1
Firing Positions 3-1
Team Firing Techniques 3-17
Sighting and Aiming .3-19
Breath Control3-28
Trigger Control .3-29
The Integrated Act of Firing One Round3-31
Detection and Correction of Errors 3-34
Application of Fire 3-37
Ballistics .3-40
Sniper Data Book.3-48
Zeroing the Rifle.3-51
Environmental Effects3-59
Slope Firing3-66
Hold-Off3-69
Engagement of Moving Targets.3-72
Common Errors With Moving Targets .3-76
Engagement of Snap Targets3-76
Firing Through Obstacles and Barriers3-77
Cold Bore First-Shot Hit .3-78
Limited Visibility Firing3-78
Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Firing .3-79
Chapter 4 FIELD SKILLS.4-1
Camouflage4-1
Cover and Concealment 4-10
Individual and Team Movement.4-12
Tracking and Countertracking4-25
Observation and Target Detection.4-43
Range Estimation.4-57
Selection and Preparation of Hides .4-67
Sniper Range Card, Observation Log, and Military Sketch .4-80
KIM Games4-91
Chapter 5 EMPLOYMENT .5-1
Methods .5-1
Planning .5-2
Organization.5-5
Command and Control 5-7
Target Analysis 5-10
Mission Planning . 5-14
Sniper Support in Special Operations Missions and Collateral Activities 5-18
Countersniper 5-30
Conventional Offensive Operations. 5-32
Conventional Defensive Operations 5-35
Civil Disturbance Assistance . 5-37
Chapter 6 SNIPER OPERATIONS IN URBAN TERRAIN. 6-1
Urban Terrain 6-1
Sniper Support in Urban Operations . 6-9
Urban Hides 6-14
Weapons Characteristics in Urban Terrain . 6-23
Engagement Techniques 6-24
Appendix A WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND CONVERSION TABLES.A-1
Appendix B MISSION-ESSENTIAL TASKS LISTB-1
Appendix C SUSTAINMENT PROGRAM.C-1
Appendix D MISSION PACKING LIST.D-1
Appendix E M82A1 CALIBER .50 SNIPER WEAPON SYSTEM.E-1
Appendix F FOREIGN/NONSTANDARD SNIPER WEAPON SYSTEMS DATA F-1
Appendix G SNIPER RIFLE TELESCOPES . G-1
Appendix H BALLISTICS CHARTH-1
Appendix I SNIPER TRAINING EXERCISES I-1
Appendix J RANGE ESTIMATION TABLE . J-1
Appendix K SNIPER’S LOGBOOK K-1
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